Frequency Audio Signal Generator

 

Penjana isyarat audio beserta pembesar suara yang terbina di dalam penjana audio. Julat frekuensi 200 Hz - 1500 Hz.

Voltmeter DC (5V & 15V): Cara Bacaan, Common Mistakes & SPM Physics Amali Tips

• 🔋 Voltmeter DC (5V & 15V)

  Voltmeter digunakan untuk mengukur beza keupayaan (potential difference) merentasi sesuatu komponen dalam litar.
  A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across a component in a circuit.

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  👀 Cara Membaca | Reading Technique

  ✅ Baca skala pada paras mata yang sama dengan jarum penunjuk untuk mengelakkan parallax error.
  ✅ Read the scale at eye level with the pointer to avoid parallax error.

  ✅ Gunakan cermin di bawah skala dan pastikan jarum menutupi imej pantulannya.
  ✅ Use the mirror beneath the scale and ensure the pointer covers its reflection.

  ✅ Pastikan bacaan dibuat mengikut terminal yang dipilih (5V atau 15V).
  ✅ Ensure the reading corresponds to the selected terminal (5V or 15V).

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  ❌ Common Mistakes

  ❌ Membaca skala 15V walaupun wayar disambungkan pada terminal 5V.
  ❌ Reading the 15V scale when the lead is connected to the 5V terminal.

  ❌ Menyambung terminal positif (+) dan negatif (−) secara terbalik.
  ❌ Reversing the positive (+) and negative (−) terminals.

  ❌ Tidak menyemak julat voltan sebelum merekod bacaan.
  ❌ Failing to check the voltage range before recording the reading.

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  ⚠️ Safety / Handling

  ⚠️ Voltmeter mesti disambung secara selari (parallel) dengan komponen yang hendak diukur.
  ⚠️ A voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component being measured.

  ⚠️ Mulakan dengan julat yang lebih tinggi jika nilai voltan tidak diketahui.
  ⚠️ Start with a higher voltage range if the voltage is unknown.

  ⚠️ Elakkan hentakan atau menjatuhkan meter kerana boleh menjejaskan ketepatan bacaan.
  ⚠️ Avoid dropping or knocking the meter as it may affect measurement accuracy.

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  🎯 SPM Exam Tip

  📌 Terminal 5V → Gunakan skala 0–5V.
  📌 5V Terminal → Use the 0–5V scale.

  📌 Terminal 15V → Gunakan skala 0–15V.
  📌 15V Terminal → Use the 0–15V scale.

  📌 Sentiasa semak terminal sebelum merekod bacaan dalam jadual keputusan.
  📌 Always check the selected terminal before recording the reading in your results table.

 

Activity 4.10 To study electromagnetic induction in a straight wire and a solenoid.

 

Slotted Mass Hangers - 100g

 

Diperbuat daripada loyang penuh, 9 pemberat berslot berukuran jisim 100g setiap satu dengan 1 penggantung berukuran jisim 100 g.

Block Calorimeter - Copper & Aluminium

• Block Calorimeter can be used for the experimental determination of the specific heat capacity.
• have 2 holes in the middle to insert a immersion heater and thermometer.

 

Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.

 

Mercury-in-glass thermometer

• Bebuli yang diperkuatkan, senggatan ditanda dengan dakwat kekal dan berlatar belakang enamel yang berwarna kuning. Julat bacaan – 10˚C hingga 110˚C.
• A thermometer is a device for measuring temperature. It are widely used in industrial, studies, medical and scientific research. Mercury-in-glass thermometer contain mercury and its accuracy will be better than alcohol thermometer.

 

Laboratory Power Supplies 0-12 V

 

• Voltan rendah, keluaran pada 2 V, 4 V, 6 V, 8 V dan 12 V pada arus minimum.
• Sesuai digunakan pada bekalan 220 V – 250 V.

Transverse and Longitudinal Wave Demonstration

This wave is called a transverse wave because the motion of the slinky is sideways to the motion along the slinky.

A longitudinal wave can be created in a slinky if the slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction and the first coils of the slinky are vibrated horizontally.

 

Constantan Wire - 34 SWG; 32 SWG; 28 SWG; 20 SWG

 

Constantan wire is composed of Nickel and Copper. It contains 60% of nickel and 40% copper. Constantan wire are examples of ohmic conductors.

SPM Physics Amali: How to Use a Sliding Rheostat Correctly

 

👀 Cara Membaca | Reading Technique

✅ Perhatikan kedudukan gelangsar (slider) semasa mengambil bacaan ammeter atau voltmeter.

✅ Observe the position of the slider when taking ammeter or voltmeter readings.

✅ Gerakkan gelangsar secara beransur-ansur untuk mendapatkan perubahan bacaan yang lebih tepat.

✅ Move the slider gradually to obtain more accurate changes in readings.

✅ Rekod bacaan hanya selepas jarum meter menjadi stabil.

✅ Record readings only after the meter pointer becomes stable.

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❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Menyambungkan terminal yang salah menyebabkan rintangan tidak berubah apabila gelangsar digerakkan.

❌ Using the wrong terminal connections, causing the resistance to remain unchanged when the slider is moved.

❌ Menggerakkan gelangsar terlalu laju sehingga bacaan sukar direkod dengan tepat.

❌ Moving the slider too quickly, making readings difficult to record accurately.

❌ Menganggap kedudukan gelangsar mewakili nilai rintangan yang tepat.

❌ Assuming the slider position represents the exact resistance value.

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⚠️ Safety / Handling

⚠️ Gerakkan gelangsar dengan perlahan dan elakkan memaksa pergerakannya.

⚠️ Move the slider gently and avoid forcing its movement.

⚠️ Wayar rintangan boleh menjadi panas selepas digunakan untuk tempoh yang lama.

⚠️ The resistance wire may become hot after prolonged use.

⚠️ Matikan bekalan kuasa sebelum mengubah sambungan litar.

⚠️ Switch off the power supply before changing circuit connections.

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🎯 SPM Exam Tip

📌 Menggerakkan gelangsar ke arah yang mengurangkan panjang wayar rintangan akan mengurangkan rintangan dan meningkatkan arus.

📌 Moving the slider to reduce the length of resistance wire decreases resistance and increases current.

SPM Physics Amali: How to Use a Digital Oscilloscope

 

📺 Digital Oscilloscope (DSO)

Osiloskop digital ialah alat elektronik yang digunakan untuk memaparkan dan menganalisis isyarat elektrik dalam bentuk gelombang. Ia boleh mengukur voltan, tempoh masa, frekuensi dan bentuk gelombang.

A digital oscilloscope is an electronic instrument used to display and analyse electrical signals as waveforms. It can measure voltage, time period, frequency and waveform shape.

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👀 Cara Membaca | Reading Technique

✅ Laraskan skala VOLTS/DIV dan TIME/DIV supaya gelombang dipaparkan dengan jelas pada skrin.

✅ Adjust the VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV settings so that the waveform is clearly displayed.

✅ Kira bilangan petak (divisions) untuk menentukan amplitud atau tempoh gelombang.

✅ Count the number of divisions to determine the amplitude or time period of the waveform.

✅ Pastikan garis gelombang stabil sebelum mengambil bacaan.

✅ Ensure the waveform is stable before taking any measurement.

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❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Probe disambungkan pada terminal yang salah.

❌ Connecting the probe to the wrong terminal.

❌ Menggunakan tetapan VOLTS/DIV atau TIME/DIV yang tidak sesuai.

❌ Using unsuitable VOLTS/DIV or TIME/DIV settings.

❌ Mengambil bacaan tanpa menyemak nilai skala bagi setiap division.

❌ Taking measurements without checking the scale value per division.

❌ Mengelirukan amplitud dengan voltan puncak-ke-puncak (peak-to-peak voltage).

❌ Confusing amplitude with peak-to-peak voltage.

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⚠️ Safety / Handling

⚠️ Pastikan voltan input tidak melebihi had maksimum osiloskop.

⚠️ Ensure the input voltage does not exceed the oscilloscope's maximum rating.

⚠️ Sambungkan probe dengan betul sebelum menghidupkan litar.

⚠️ Connect the probe correctly before powering the circuit.

⚠️ Elakkan menarik kabel probe dengan kuat.

⚠️ Avoid pulling the probe cable forcefully.

⚠️ Simpan probe dan aksesori dengan baik selepas digunakan.

⚠️ Store probes and accessories properly after use.

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🎯 SPM Exam Tip

📌 Osiloskop boleh digunakan untuk mengukur beza keupayaan (voltage) seperti voltmeter.

📌 An oscilloscope can be used to measure potential difference (voltage) like a voltmeter.

📌 Osiloskop juga boleh mengukur tempoh, frekuensi dan bentuk gelombang.

📌 It can also measure time period, frequency and waveform shape.

 

SPM Amali Physics: Cara Membaca & Menggunakan Ammeter (Analog) DC 0-1 A

 

🔌 Ammeter

👀 Cara Membaca | Reading Technique

✅ Baca skala pada paras mata yang sama dengan jarum penunjuk untuk mengelakkan parallax error.
✅ Read the scale at eye level with the pointer to avoid parallax error.

✅ Pastikan skala yang dibaca sepadan dengan julat (range) yang dipilih.
✅ Ensure the correct scale is used according to the selected range.

❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Menyambung terminal positif (+) dan negatif (−) secara terbalik.
❌ Reversing the positive (+) and negative (−) terminals.

❌ Memilih julat terlalu kecil sehingga jarum melebihi had skala.
❌ Selecting a range that is too low, causing the pointer to exceed the scale limit.

⚠️ Safety / Handling

⚠ Ammeter mesti disambung secara siri dalam litar.
⚠ An ammeter must always be connected in series in a circuit.

⚠ Jangan sambung terus merentasi bekalan kuasa.
⚠ Never connect an ammeter directly across a power supply.

DIAMOND Mechanical Stopwatch 60x1s

 

• Putarkan skru jam randek sebelum menggunakannya.
• Seboleh-bolehnya ukur sela masa yang lebih panjang.
• Rekodkan bacaan anda dengan kejituan +- 0.1 s.

To study resonance in an oscillating system

 

Resonance occurs when the natural frequency of a system corresponds to the frequency of the energy supplied.

Important Equations in Physics for KSSM Curriculum

Important equations in Physics for KSSM curriculum from LIMCHUANYANGMoe

Physics Form 4 KSSM, Experiment 2.2: Mass and Inertia

 

Physics Form 4 KSSM Experiment 2.2 from LIMCHUANYANGMoe

Period of an oscillation of a plasticine depends on its mass.

Eksperimen Penyiasatan: hubungan antara tempoh ayunan, T sebuah spring dengan jisim beban,m.

 

Oscillating mass-spring system

 

Activity 4.1 To study the effect on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

Physics Form 5 KSSM from LIMCHUANYANGMoe

Daya ke atas Konduktor Pembawa Arus dalam Medan Magnet.

Petua Tangan Kiri Fleming

 

SPM Physics Amali: What Makes a Motor Spin Faster? (Activity 4.6)

Hasil kerja murid

Kelajuan putaran motor elektrik bergantung kepada beberapa faktor seperti arus yang dibekalkan, kekuatan medan magnet dan bilangan lilitan gegelung.

The speed of an electric motor depends on several factors, including the current supplied, magnetic field strength and the number of turns of the coil.

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👀 Key Observations | Pemerhatian Penting

✅ Motor rotates when current flows through the coil.

✅ Motor berputar apabila arus mengalir melalui gegelung.

✅ Increasing the number of cells causes the motor to spin faster.

✅ Menambah bilangan sel menyebabkan motor berputar lebih laju.

✅ Stronger magnets increase the speed of rotation.

✅ Magnet yang lebih kuat meningkatkan kelajuan putaran.

✅ The rotating coil demonstrates the motor effect.

✅ Gegelung yang berputar menunjukkan kesan motor (motor effect).

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🔬 Factors Investigated | Faktor Yang Dikaji

🔋 Number of Cells

✅ More cells → Higher voltage → Faster rotation

✅ Lebih banyak sel → Voltan lebih tinggi → Putaran lebih laju

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🧲 Magnetic Field Strength

✅ Stronger magnetic field → Greater magnetic force

✅ Medan magnet lebih kuat → Daya magnet lebih besar

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🌀 Number of Coil Turns

✅ More turns produce a larger turning effect.

✅ Lebih banyak lilitan menghasilkan kesan putaran yang lebih besar.

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❌ Common Mistakes

❌ Assuming the motor rotates because of the magnet alone.

❌ Menganggap motor berputar hanya disebabkan oleh magnet.

❌ Not controlling one variable at a time during the investigation.

❌ Tidak mengawal satu pemboleh ubah pada satu masa semasa eksperimen.

❌ Forgetting that current must flow through the coil.

❌ Terlupa bahawa arus mesti mengalir dalam gegelung.

❌ Confusing motor effect with electromagnetic induction.

❌ Mengelirukan kesan motor dengan aruhan elektromagnet.

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⚠️ Safety / Handling

⚠️ Switch off the power supply before modifying the setup.

⚠️ Matikan bekalan kuasa sebelum mengubah susunan eksperimen.

⚠️ Avoid using excessive voltage as the coil may overheat.

⚠️ Elakkan penggunaan voltan yang terlalu tinggi kerana gegelung boleh menjadi panas.

⚠️ Ensure the rotating coil does not hit surrounding objects.

⚠️ Pastikan gegelung yang berputar tidak melanggar objek di sekelilingnya.

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🎯 SPM Exam Tip

📌 A current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field.

📌 Konduktor yang membawa arus mengalami daya apabila berada dalam medan magnet.

📌 The direction of force can be determined using Fleming's Left-Hand Rule.

📌 Arah daya boleh ditentukan menggunakan Petua Tangan Kiri Fleming.

📌 Increasing current or magnetic field strength increases the turning force.

📌 Menambah arus atau kekuatan medan magnet meningkatkan daya putaran.

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🧠 Observation → Inference

Observation

The motor rotates faster when more cells are used.

Motor berputar lebih laju apabila lebih banyak sel digunakan.

Inference

A larger current produces a greater magnetic force.

Arus yang lebih besar menghasilkan daya magnet yang lebih besar.

Conclusion

The speed of an electric motor increases when the current increases.

Kelajuan motor elektrik meningkat apabila arus bertambah.

 

The magnetic effect of current carrying conductor

 

Kesan magnet bagi konduktor membawa arus

To study how the strength of electromagnet is affected by current

Strength of magnetic field from LIMCHUANYANGMoe